The Shroud of Turin Website Library

The 1978 Scientific Examination

This page presents an overview of the first ever in-depth scientific examination of the Shroud of Turin by an international group of researchers in 1978. Go to the Gateway Page to read about the Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP), the American group that performed many of the tests and to view 12 photographs taken during the 5 days and nights of the event. The secondary links included below are to important additional information and photographs.

• Summary of STURP's Conclusions
• Bibliography of STURP's Published Papers
• List of the STURP Team
• The VP-8 Image Analyzer (Includes still photographs and animation of VP-8 screen)
• Photomicrographs of a bloodstain and a burn mark on the Shroud

Religion and Philosophy

This Gateway Page includes articles that deal with the religious and philosophical issues raised by the Shroud of Turin. It provides a brief description of each article and some background on its author. It also includes a link to the "Submission Requirements" page of the site, where contributors will find detailed instructions for the preparation and submission of articles. Click on the title above to go directly to the page. On the page itself, the papers and articles are listed alphabetically, by TITLE. Secondary links below take you directly to each specific article, bypassing the Gateway Page. They are listed here alphabetically, by AUTHOR.

• "Submission Requirements" Page - Detailed instructions for preparing and submitting articles to this website
  
  
• POPE JOHN PAUL II - Link to complete text of his address about the Shroud of Turin given on May 24, 1998
• BREAULT, Russ - It's the Message that Matters (.pdf format) [48k]
• D'MUHALA, Tom - Where Do We Go From Here?
• DREISBACH, Jr., Rev. Albert R. - Liturgical Clues to the Shroud's History
• DREISBACH, Jr., Rev. Albert R. - The Shroud of Turin: Its Ecumenical Implications (From the 1998 Turin Symposium)
• DREISBACH, Jr., Rev. Albert R. - The Shroud and Healing (.pdf format) [81k] (From the 1999 Richmond Conference) 
• DREISBACH, Jr., Rev. Albert R. - Thomas & the Hymn of the Pearl (.pdf format) [181k] (From the Sindone 2000 Shroud Conference in Orvieto, Italy) 
• DREISBACH, Jr., Rev. Albert R. - Thomas & the Cenacle Reconsidered (.pdf format) [232k] (From the International Conference on the Shroud of Turin - Dallas 2001) 
• DREISBACH, Jr., Rev. Albert R. - “The Soudarion: What the Fourth Gospel Reveals about the Shroud and the Oviedo Cloth” (.pdf format) [September 2005] (From the 3rd International Dallas Conference)  
• DREISBACH, Jr., Rev. Albert R. - "The Ecumenical Implications of the Shroud of Turin" (.pdf format) [263k] [May 2006] (From the 1st International Shroud Conferences in Terracina and Perugia, Italy)  
• HABERMAS, Gary R. - "Historical Epistemology, Jesus's Resurrection, and the Shroud of Turin."  (.pdf format) [45k] (From the June 1999 Richmond Conference)
• MARINO, Joseph G. - The Disciples On The Road To Turin
• MARINO, Joseph G. and BENFORD, M. Sue - The Shroud of Turin: Bridge Between Heaven and Earth?
  (.pdf format) [137k]
• MORAN, Kevin E. and FANTI, Giulio - Does the Shroud Body Image Show Any Physical Evidence of Resurrection? (.pdf format) [April 2002] (From the IV Symposium Scientifique International du CIELT, Paris, France) (49 photographs and illustrations)) 
• PERRY, Robert - What Does the Shroud of Turin Mean? (.pdf format) [62k]
• PORTER, Daniel R. - The Shroud of Turin and the Resurrection Problem - An Anglican/Episcopal Perspective (.pdf format) [44k]
• TRENN, Thaddeus J. - The Shroud of Turin: A Parable for Modern Times?
• WIEBE, Phillip H. - Design in the Shroud of Turin (.pdf format) [43k]

Shroud of Turin Booklist

This page includes hundreds of books about the Shroud of Turin written in many different languages and listed alphabetically, by author. Click on the page title above to search the list.

Shroud of Turin Website Store

Here, you can purchase photographs, posters and slides and, in association with Amazon.com, the highly regarded Internet bookseller, order many books directly from this website. Click on the page title above to review a variety of Shroud materials and read synopses of available books.

Shroud Conferences & Symposia

This page provides an overview of recently held Conferences and Symposia on the Shroud of Turin and includes information about those planned in the future whenever possible. A secondary link is provided to each specific conference page where you will find a detailed program listing the names and papers of all of the speakers. Links to many of these papers and presentations are also included.

• The 1996 Esopus Conference
  • CRISPINO, Dorothy "The Fathers of American Sindonology"
  • D'MUHALA, Thomas "Where Do We Go From Here?"
  • MARINO, Joseph G. "The Disciples On The Road To Turin"
  • PICZEK, Isabel - "Alice In Wonderland and the Shroud of Turin" (54 illustrations)
  • SCAVONE, Prof. Daniel "Joseph of Arimathea, the Holy Grail and the Turin Shroud"
  
  
• The 1997 Nice Symposium
  • ADLER, Alan D. - Concerning the Side Strip on the Shroud of Turin (3 photos)
  • BUCKLIN, Robert - An Autopsy on the Man of the Shroud
  • DIANA, Silvio and MARINELLI, Emanuela - Optical Properties of Ancient Textile Fibers: Racemization and Epimerization
  • FANTI, Giulio - A Proposal for High Resolution Colorimetric Mapping of the Turin Shroud: Analysis of Metrological Problems (6 illustrations)
  • GUSCIN, Mark - The Sudarium of Oviedo (5 photos)
  • MARKWARDT, Jack - Was the Shroud in Languedoc During the Missing Years?
  • PICZEK, Isabel - The Concept of "Negativity" Through the Ages vs The Negative Image on the Shroud (40 illustrations)
  • VAN HAELST, Remi - The Red Stains on the Lier and Other Shroud Copies (4 color photos of burn holes; 1 transmitted light color photo of ventral Shroud image)
  
  
• The 1998 Turin Symposium
  • "The '98 Symposium: A Personal Report" by Barrie M. Schwortz
  • DANIN, Avinoam - The Origin of the Shroud of Turin From the Near East as Evidenced by Plant Images And By Pollen Grains (abstract only)
  • DANIN, Avinoam and BARUCH, Uri - Floristic Indicators for the Origin of the Shroud of Turin (.pdf format) [25k] (full paper)
  • DE CECCO, M. and FANTI, Giulio - Papers are available in both Italian and English versions:
    Studio di un sistema di visione per la mappatura colorimetrica della Sindone di Torino (.pdf format) [192k]
    Study of a vision system for the colorimetric mapping of the Turin Shroud (.pdf format) [197k]
  • DREISBACH, Albert R. - The Shroud of Turin: Its Ecumenical Implications
  • FANTI, Giulio and MARINELLI, Emanuela - Papers are available in both Italian and English versions:
    (1) - Un modello probabilistico per quantificare i risultati delle ricerche sulla Sindone di Torino (.pdf format) [63k]
    (1) - A probabilistic model to quantify the results of the research on the Turin Shroud (.pdf format) [68k]
    (2) - Risultati di un modello probabilistico applicato alle ricerche eseguite sulla Sindone di Torino (.pdf format) [172k]
    (2) - Results of a probabilistic model applied to the research carried out on the Turin Shroud (.pdf format) [165k]
    
  • FANTI, Giulio and WINKLER, Ulf - Papers are available in both Italian and English versions:
    Analisi di fattibilità di indagini sul lino della Sindone di Torino mediante risonanza magnetica nucleare (.pdf format) [57k]
    A feasibility analysis of studies on linen from the Shroud of Turin using nuclear magnetic resonance (.pdf format) [54k]
  • HERAS, G. and VILLALAIN, D. - Paper is available in both Spanish and English versions:
    Estudio comparativo entre al Sudario de Oviedo y la Sindone de Turin (.pdf format) [78k] (Spanish)
    Comparitive Study of the Sudarium of Oviedo and the Shroud of Turin  (.pdf format) [69k] (English)
  • IMBALZANO, G. - Duplicità del volto Sindonico   [June 1998] Link to Italian text of this and other works by the author.
  • MARKWARDT, Jack - The Fire and the Portrait
  • PICZEK, Isabel - The Professional Arts and the Principle and Practice of Conservation - Restoration Versus the Turin Shroud
  • SCHWORTZ, Barrie M. - The Role of the Internet in the Future of Shroud Research
  • WILSON, Ian - An appraisal of the mistakes made regarding the Shroud samples takin in 1988 - and a suggested way of putting these behind us
  
  
• The 1998 Dallas Meeting of American Sindonology

  Includes a complete list of every presenter, along with a brief synopsis of each presentation and a short biography and photo of each researcher. Watch for inclusion of a number of these presentations on this website.

  • GRUNDFEST, Warren S. - Imaging Spectroscopy, A New Non-Destructive Method for Materials Analysis (.pdf format) [235k]  
  • LYNN, Donald J. - Comments on Shroud Research (.pdf format) [7k]  
  • SCHWORTZ, Barrie M. - Electronic Archiving and Distribution: The Value of the Internet and CD-ROM Technology (.pdf format) [22k]  
  
  
• The 1999 Rome Conference

Includes a complete listing of presenters and the title of each presentation (In Italian and English)

• The 1999 Richmond Conference
  • ACCETTA, August D., M.D. - "Experiments with Radiation as an Image Formation Mechanism,"  (.pdf format) [326k] This link is to the updated version of this paper titled, "Nuclear Medicine and Its Relevance to the Shroud of Turin," that Dr. Accetta presented in August 2000 at the Sindone 2000 Shroud Conference in Orvieto, Italy.
  • ADLER, Alan D. - "The Nature of the Body Images on the Shroud of Turin," with color slide illustrations.  (.pdf format) [34k]
  • DREISBACH, Rev. Albert R., Jr.- The Shroud and Healing (.pdf format) [81k]  
  • GUSCIN, Mark - Recent Historical Investigations on the Sudarium of Oviedo (.pdf format) [50k]  
  • HABERMAS, Gary R. - "Historical Epistemology, Jesus's Resurrection, and the Shroud of Turin."  (.pdf format) [45k]
  • MARKWARDT, Jack - "Antioch and the Shroud," a new theory of the cloth's history prior to the 6th century, illustrated with color transparencies.  (.pdf format) [78k]
  • MARINELLI, E. - FANTI, G. - CAGNAZZO, A. - Computerized anthropometric analysis of the Man of the Turin Shroud (.pdf format) [228k]  
  • MORAN, Kevin E. - Optically Terminated Image Pixels Observed on Frei 1978 Samples (.pdf format) [228k]  
  • SCAVONE, Professor Daniel - Greek Epitaphioi and Other Evidence for the Shroud in Constantinople up to 1204 (.pdf format) [32k]  
  • SCHUMACHER, Peter M. - "Photometric Responses from the Shroud," with computer projector illustration.  (.pdf format) [24k]
  • SCHWORTZ, Barrie M. - "The Role of the Internet in Current Shroud Research," demonstrating new developments on his award-winning website on the Shroud of Turin.  (.pdf format) [31k]
  • WALSH, Bryan - "The 1988 Radiocarbon Dating Reconsidered." (Link to Richmond website)
  • WILSON, Ian - "Urfa, Turkey: the urgent need for an archaeological survey of the town that (arguably) was the Shroud's home for nearly a thousand years."  (.pdf format) [41k]
  
  
• The March 2000 Scientific Congress on the Holy Shroud of Turin
  
  
• The May 2000 Shroud Imaging Conference in San Felice Circeo, Italy
  • GUERRESCHI, Aldo - The Turin Shroud: from the photo to the three-dimensional  (.pdf format) [277k] (illustrated with 9 photographs)
  • GUERRESCHI, Aldo - The Turin Shroud and Photo-Relief Technique  (.pdf format) [261k] (illustrated with 8 photographs)
  • SCHWORTZ, Barrie M. - "Is The Shroud of Turin a Medieval Photograph? A Critical Examination of the Theory"  (.pdf format) [308k] (illustrated with 7 photographs) This link is to the updated version of the paper that was presented at the Sindone 2000 Shroud Conference in Orvieto, Italy in August 2000.
  
  
• The Orvieto Worldwide Conference "Sindone 2000"
  • ACCETTA, August D., M.D.- "Nuclear Medicine and Its Relevance to the Shroud of Turin"  (.pdf format) [326k] (15 photos) An earlier version of this paper titled, "Experiments with Radiation as an Image Formation Mechanism," was first presented at the June 1999 Richmond Conference.
  • DREISBACH, Jr., Rev. Albert R. - Thomas & the Hymn of the Pearl (.pdf format) [181k]
  • MARINO, Joseph G. and BENFORD, M. Sue - "Evidence for the Skewing of the C-14 Dating of the Shroud of Turin Due to Repairs."  (.pdf format) [235k] (Includes 8 illustrations)
  • MARKWARDT, Jack - The Cathar Crucifix: New Evidence of the Shroud's Missing History  (.pdf format) [50k]
  • SCHWORTZ, Barrie M. - "Is The Shroud of Turin a Medieval Photograph? A Critical Examination of the Theory"  (.pdf format) [308k] (illustrated with 7 photographs) A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the May 2000 Imaging Conference in San Felice Circeo, Italy.
  • WIEBE, Phillip H. - Design in the Shroud of Turin (.pdf format) [43k]
  
  
• The 2nd International Conference on the Shroud of Turin - Dallas 2001

  Includes an overview of the conference, a complete listing of presenters and the title of each presentation, many photographs and links to audio cassettes and CD photo discs of the conference.

  • DREISBACH, Jr., Rev. Albert R. - Thomas & the Cenacle Reconsidered (.pdf format) [221k]
  
  
• IV Symposium Scientifique International du CIELT, Paris, France 2002
  • GUERRESCHI, Aldo - Photographic & Computer Studies Concerning the Burn & Water Stains Visible on the Shroud  (.pdf format) [536k] (49 photographs and illustrations)
  • MORAN, Kevin E. and FANTI, Giulio - Does the Shroud Body Image Show Any Physical Evidence of Resurrection? (.pdf format)
  
  
• The 3rd International Dallas Conference on the Shroud of Turin - 2005

  Includes an overview of the conference, a complete listing of presenters and the title of each presentation, links to thirteen of the papers that were presented, many photographs of the event and links to audio cassettes. CD audio discs and an Interactive CD of the conference.

  • ROGERS, Raymond N. - “Studies on the Radiocarbon Sample from the Shroud of Turin” [January 20, 2005] Link to website of Thermochimica Acta 425 (2005) pp.189-194. (Includes 5 illustrations). Read at the conference by Thomas D'Muhala.
  • FULBRIGHT, Diana - “‘A Clean Cloth’ - What Greek Word Usage Tells Us About the Death and Burial of Jesus” (Editor's Note: This link is to a reprint of the article from the BSTS Newsletter No. 62)
  • BARBERIS, Bruno and SAVARINO, Piero - “Ten Years of Important Events in the History of the Holy Shroud” (.pdf format) [26k] (Editor's Note: This link is to a text-only reprint of the article from the BSTS Newsletter No. 62 and does not include illustrations)
  • LATENDRESSE, Mario - “Evidence that the Shroud was not Completely Flat during the Image Formation” (.pdf format)
    Link to Mario's Presentation Slides: http://www.sindonology.org/papers/latendresse2005aSlides.pdf
  • BENFORD, M. Sue and MARINO, Joseph G. - "New Historical Evidence Explaining the ‘Invisible Patch’ in the 1988 C-14 Sample Area of the Turin Shroud"  (.pdf format) [44k]
  • WHANGER, Alan D and WHANGER, Mary - Excerpt from “Radiological Aspects of the Shroud of Turin”  (.pdf format) [431k] (20 color photos and illustrations)
  • MARINELLI, Emanuela - “The Geography of the Shroud” (.pdf format)
  • FALCINELLI, Roberto - “The Veil of Manoppello: Work of Art or Authentic Relic?”  (.pdf format) [349k] (30 color photographs)
  • FANTI, Giulio - “Body Image Formation Hypothesis based on Corona Discharge”  (.pdf format)
    Link to Giulio's Presentation Slides: http://www.dim.unipd.it/fanti/PDFpresCORONA.pdf
  • GUERRESCHI, Aldo - Further Studies on the Scorches and the Watermarks  (.pdf format) [437k] (40 color photos and illustrations)
  • DREISBACH, Jr., Rev. Albert R. - “The Soudarion: What the Fourth Gospel Reveals about the Shroud and the Oviedo Cloth” (.pdf format)
  • ALONSO, Marcel - Role of Capillarity in the Image Formation Process  (.pdf format) [293k] (13 color photographs)
  • FANTI, G. et al - “Evidences for Testing Hypotheses About the Body Image Formation of the Turin Shroud”  (.pdf format) [113k] (24 Co-authors)
  
  

Shroud Centers & Organizations

This page provides a listing of Shroud Centers and organizations, worldwide, by country. Included are centers from the United States, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, England, France, Italy, Mexico and Spain. Click on the page title above. There are no secondary links on this page.

British Society for the Turin Shroud

This page provides a Table of Contents to the British Society for the Turin Shroud Newsletter and includes the full text of all recent issues. You will also find other BSTS information including more about the Society itself. Click on the page title above for direct links to each individual article.

Collegamento pro Sindone

This is a Gateway page to English translations of selected articles originally published in Italian in Collegamento pro Sindone. You can also find out more about the Collegamento pro Sindone organization and the individuals who produce this publication. The page also includes links to the Collegamento pro Sindone Website. Secondary links are provided below.

• Sindone Viva (The Living Shroud) - A CD-ROM by Emanuela and Maurizio Marinelli
• The Collegamento pro Sindone Index - Complete from Nov/Dec 1985 to Nov/Dec 2000
• Proposals for The Shroud of Turin Preservation and Exhibition by Maurizio and Emanuela Marinelli (10 color photos)
• The Donation of the Shroud to the Holy See by Luigi Fossati
• In Front of the Shroud: Neither Iconoclast Nor Fundamentalist by Orazio Petrosillo (color photo)
• Research On Racemic Features of the Old and New Plant Fibers by Silvio Diana and Emanuela Marinelli
• Photographing the Holy Shroud During the 1898 Exhibition by Luigi Fossati (11 illustrations)
• Remembrance of the 1898 Exhibition by Luigi Fossati (2 photographs)
• The Shroud Chapel Is Three Hundred Years Old by Emanuela Marinelli (color photo of Chapel and altar)
• The Statue of the Shroud of Turin by Gyula Pauer by László Beke - Tamás St. Auby - Ilona Farkas (2 color photos)
• The Bloody Icon by Emanuela Marinelli (color photo)
• The Data and the Date by Emanuela Marinelli (photo)
• A List of Books by Emanuela Marinelli and Others (15 color photos)
• Collegamento pro Sindone Home Page (Direct link to their Website)
• Listing of Scientific Articles (IMPORTANT: This link to an up-to-date, definitive list of Shroud articles on the Collegamento pro Sindone Website)

Index to Shroud Spectrum International

This page provides a complete Index to every issue of Shroud Spectrum International, the only American peer review journal dedicated exclusively to Shroud research. Published by Dorothy Crispino from 1981 to 1993, the articles were by European and American authors of international repute, experts in various fields of sindonic research. A navigator is provided on the Gateway Page that allows you to view the Index by Issue number. Secondary links are included below to Spectrum articles that have been reprinted on this website.

• Scientific Issues and Shroud Research in the 1990s by L. A. Schwalbe
• Conservation of the Shroud of Turin by Alan D. Adler & Larry A. Schwalbe

The 1997 Fire

This page describes the April 12, 1997 fire that damaged the Guarini Chapel, the Turin Cathedral and the Royal Palace and seriously threatened the Shroud. Included are 22 photographs and illustrations, featuring photos of the dramatic rescue of the Shroud by a Turin fireman.

• Abril 12, 1997 - "Reporte Especial sobre el Incendio de 1997" - EN ESPANOL

Shroud Conservation & Preservation

This page focuses on the future efforts of science to preserve the Shroud of Turin and its unique image. It includes the Official press release of the Archbishop of Turin discussing Shroud conservation and preservation and introducing two important scientific advisers. Also provided are several other related articles and secondary links to more Shroud conservation materials on the website.

• Proposals for The Shroud of Turin Preservation and Exhibition by Maurizio and Emanuela Marinelli (10 color photos)
• Conservation of the Shroud of Turin by Alan D. Adler and Larry A. Schwalbe
• Scientific Issues and Shroud Research in the 1990's by Larry A. Schwalbe

Countries That Have Visited This Website

This page includes a list of countries representing all of the viewers of this website. It is updated each time the site has visitors from a "new" country.

1996 Website News

These are the items that were included on the "Late Breaking Website News" page in 1996. Each article carries the posting date indicating when it was first uploaded. You should find this an interesting look at the history and evolution of this website. Click on the page title above. There are many secondary links on this page.

1997 Website News

These are the items that were included on the "Late Breaking Website News" page in 1997. Each article carries the posting date indicating when it was first uploaded. You should find this an interesting look at the history and evolution of this website. Click on the page title above. There are many secondary links on this page.

1998 Website News

These are the items that were included on the "Late Breaking Website News" page in 1998. Each article carries the posting date indicating when it was first uploaded. You should find this an interesting look at the history and evolution of this website. Click on the page title above. There are many secondary links on this page.

1999 Website News

These are the items that were included on the "Late Breaking Website News" page in 1999. Each article carries the posting date indicating when it was first uploaded. You should find this an interesting look at the history and evolution of this website. Click on the page title above. There are many secondary links on this page.

2000 Website News

These are the items that were included on the "Late Breaking Website News" page in 2000. Each article carries the posting date indicating when it was first uploaded. You should find this an interesting look at the history and evolution of this website. Click on the page title above. There are many secondary links on this page.

2001 Website News

These are the items that were included on the "Late Breaking Website News" page in 2001. Each article carries the posting date indicating when it was first uploaded. You should find this an interesting look at the history and evolution of this website. Click on the page title above. There are many secondary links on this page.

2002 Website News

These are the items that were included on the "Late Breaking Website News" page in 2002. Each article carries the posting date indicating when it was first uploaded. You should find this an interesting look at the history and evolution of this website. Click on the page title above. There are many secondary links on this page.

2003 Website News

These are the items that were included on the "Late Breaking Website News" page in 2003. Each article carries the posting date indicating when it was first uploaded. You should find this an interesting look at the history and evolution of this website. Click on the page title above. There are many secondary links on this page.

2004 Website News

These are the items that were included on the "Late Breaking Website News" page in 2004. Each article carries the posting date indicating when it was first uploaded. You should find this an interesting look at the history and evolution of this website. Click on the page title above. There are many secondary links on this page.

2005 Website News

These are the items that were included on the "Late Breaking Website News" page in 2005. Each article carries the posting date indicating when it was first uploaded. You should find this an interesting look at the history and evolution of this website. Click on the page title above. There are many secondary links on this page.

2006 Website News

These are the items that were included on the "Late Breaking Website News" page in 2006. Each article carries the posting date indicating when it was first uploaded. You should find this an interesting look at the history and evolution of this website. Click on the page title above. There are many secondary links on this page.

2007 Website News

These are the items that were included on the "Late Breaking Website News" page in 2007. Each article carries the posting date indicating when it was first uploaded. You should find this an interesting look at the history and evolution of this website. Click on the page title above. There are many secondary links on this page.

Links to Internet Search Engines:

This is only a partial list of the many search engines, indexes and directories available on the Internet where you can do further research. If you believe an important one is missing from this list, submit it to us for inclusion. Since web addresses are occasionally changed or modified, let us know by e-mail if you discover any incorrect links and we will update the listing.

Alta Vista Web & Usenet Search- Automatically generated index to Websites and Usenet News
BBC Education Web Guide - Lists the "best educational resources on the Internet" for learning at home, school or college
Britannica Internet Guide - provides an excellent web search feature and thousands of categorized links & website reviews
EINet Galaxy - Substantial subject-arranged index of Links
Excite From Architext - Fast, easy-to-use tool that searches by Concept Words or Keywords
Google.com- One of the best of the new generation of Internet search engines
Infoseek Corporation Server - Search and retrieve up to 100 relevant items per query
Lycos: The Catalog of the Internet - Search tool from Carnegie Mellon University with over 8.5 million URLs
Starting Point - General Interest library of Internet resources
Webcrawler - Millions of entries, constantly updated automatically
Yahoo - Simple to use and includes the largest subject index of web resources on the Internet

Using the Website as a Reference

I recently made the following suggestion on how to list the website as a reference in research papers or articles:

Author, Title, The Shroud of Turin Website, (http://www.shroud.com/"name of page".htm)*, date.

* Replace "name of page" with the specific page location of the article you are quoting. If you are not quoting from
   a specific paper or article by an identified author, but are using information from general pages of the website, list
   Barrie M. Schwortz as the author.

Several viewers responded with more information about citing website references. The first is from Christine Morris, a student from Little Rock, Arkansas, USA, who provided the information from a book titled "Write for College." This is the example given for an "Electronic File on the World Wide Web (No Print Version)":

Bowker, Samuel T. "Cyberspace: Debate on Research Use"
(12 Sept. 1996): n.pag. On-line. Internet. 5 Oct. 1996.
Available: http://www.ppc.new.edu./home/stb/com

An Important Word About Formats

When this site first went online, every paper appearing on it was available as a standard html page. However, converting papers and articles that include scientific notation, formulas, special fonts or symbols into html code is time consuming and often results in less than complete accuracy. To alleviate the problem and make the addition of new papers a simpler task, I adopted the Adobe Acrobat .pdf file format and have used it for most of the papers added to the website since. For those of you unfamiliar with Adobe Acrobat, it is a powerful document viewing software that has become the standard for distribution of written and visual materials over the Internet and on CD-ROM. The best news is that the Acrobat Reader software is FREE and is probably already on your computer. It is generally found as a plug-in or helper application in Netscape Navigator, Netscape Communicator and Microsoft Internet Explorer browsers. And it is completely compatible with either PC's or Macintosh systems. Unfortunately, .pdf format files are not accessible using WebTV.

One of the best features of this format is that you get to use a powerful document viewing tool right within your browser window, giving you much more control over the size and detail of your viewing. Acrobat allows you to zoom in on the document up to 800%, making it easy to read even the smallest text or symbols. And all you have to do is use your browser's "back" button to return to the website. Some documents contain searchable indexes and you can always copy and paste any materials from the document you are viewing into your own paper, keeping all of the formatting of the original. The only negative aspect of the format is that you have to wait for the entire file to load before you can view it. The largest of these takes less than a minute to load using a 28k modem and I have indicated the file size [in brackets] for each .pdf format file on the site.

The best way to see if it is already installed on your system is to select one of the (.pdf format) articles on this website (see the Scientific Papers & Articles section of the Website Library) and click on its link. If it is installed, it will launch from within your browser. If it is not on your system, you can go to the Download Free Acrobat Reader Software page of the Adobe website and download a copy. Just follow the instructions. Once it is installed on your system, should you need assistance configuring Netscape or similar browsers for the Acrobat Reader, please see the Netscape How to Configure Helper Applications page. Properly configured, you will be able to open .pdf format files automatically, just like any other page on the Internet.

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